Python

2022年3月9日 (三) 05:26的最后版本

Python 是一种面向对象的解释性的计算机程序设计语言，也是一种功能强大而完善的 通用型语言，已经具有十多年的发展历史，成熟且稳定。

[编辑] 新闻

您可以在Wikipedia上了解到此条目的英文信息 Python Thanks, Wikipedia.

自http://planetpython.org/rss20.xml加载RSS失败或RSS源被墙

[编辑] 简介

Python是数据科学和人工智能的交互语言 :)

At Google, python is one of the 3 "official languages" alongside with C++ and Java. Python at Google, Google Group, code.google.com 等服务基于 Python 构建。

Unladen Swallow: A faster implementation of Python, Google发起的项目, 值得关注

将 Python 带入企业级应用: Enterprise Python

[编辑] 版本

主要分支：2.7、3.4、3.5、3.6、3.7

• Python 2 和 Python 3 有哪些主要区别？
• Porting Python 2 Code to Python 3 Porting Extension Modules to Python 3
• Python 3.x
• Python 2.x
• Python 2.5 (September 19, 2006)
• Python 2.4.4 (October 18, 2006)
• Python 2.3.6 (November 1, 2006)
• Python 2.2.3 (May 30, 2003)
• Python 2.1.3 (April 8, 2002)
• Python 2.0.1 (June 2001)
• Python 1.6.1 (September 2000)
• Python 1.5.2 (April 1999)

[编辑] 指南

$ python3 -m sysconfig // 返回非常多的配置信息

Python 2.4.4 (#1, Feb  3 2007, 09:56:56) 
[GCC 3.3.5 (Debian 1:3.3.5-13)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 'Ruby' > 'Python'
True
>>> 'Ruby' > 'Java'
True
>>> 'Ruby' > 'C/C++'
True

有点意思 :)

安装 pip3，如 Debian 环境

$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt install python3-pip
$ pip3 --version

[编辑] 实现

• CPython
• IronPython
• Jython
• PyPy
• Berp an implementation of Python 3 written in Haskell. Python vs Haskell

[编辑] 函数式编程

通过lambda关键字，可以创建很小的匿名函数。

>>> def make_incrementor(n):
...     return lambda x: x + n
... 
>>> f = make_incrementor(42)
>>> f(0)
42
>>> f(1)
43

• Decorators: A Powerful Weapon in Your Python Arsenal
• Advanced methods for creating decorators
• Fn.py：享受Python中的函数式编程
• 作为函数式编程语言的Python 要翻墙

[编辑] 项目

• Awesome Python
• Quixote
• Django
• TurboGears
• Twisted
• ActiveGrid
• Karrigell
• webpy
• Tornado
• CherryPy
• Myghty
• Mako
• Pylons
• Anaconda python
• Zope
• Plone

更多: Huihoo Python Applications

[编辑] 桌面

将 Python 带入桌面环境：PyQt、PyGTK、wxPython

PySimpleGUI

[编辑] Web Server

WSGI Server

• flup
• Gunicorn
• uWSGI
• CherryPy
• Twisted Web
• mod_wsgi

[编辑] Python应用

• Python and Math
• Python 企业级应用 Enterprise Python
• IMDbPY
• Zenoss

[编辑] Python and Grid

• Python Core - http://dev.globus.org/wiki/Python_Core

[编辑] Python Web Services

• Python Web 服务开发者 - http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/webservices/ws-pyth/index.html

[编辑] Python IDE & Editor

• 使用 Aptana 进行 Python 应用开发。
• Vim
• GNU Emacs
• Eric
• PyDev
• ActivePython
• Boa Constructor
• DrPython
• PythonCard
• ActiveGrid
• EasyEclipse for Python

更多 IDEs: http://wiki.python.org/moin/IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironments

[编辑] pygame

• 1945

[编辑] Python Enhancement Proposals(PEPs)

PEPs 有点类似 Java JSRs

• PEP 333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0
• PEP 249: Python Database API Specification v2.0
• PEP 361: Python 2.6 Release Schedule
• PEP 3100: Python 3.0 Plans

更多 PEPs : http://www.python.org/dev/peps/

[编辑] Linux

[编辑] Python 3 on Debian

$ curl -O https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.8.9/Python-3.8.9.tar.xz
$ tar -xf Python-3.8.9.tar.xz
$ make -j 4
$ sudo make altinstall
$ python3.8 --version
 

[编辑] Python 2.3 on Debian

from module import * in Python is like use module in Perl; import module in Python is like require module in Perl.
from module import * in Python is like import module.* in Java; import module in Python is like import module in Java.

Debian 3.1 安装后自带 Python 2.3.5
>>> import sys
>>> sys.path.append('/home/allen/test/diveintopython-5.4/py') // apihelper.py 在 py 目录下
>>> import apihelper
>>> sys.path

[编辑] Python 2.4 on Debian

#apt-get install python2.4 

设置环境

export PYTHONPATH = /usr/lib/python2.4 
or
wget http://download.huihoo.com/python/2.4.3/Python-2.4.3.tgz
tar zxvf Python-2.4.3.tgz
cd Python-2.4.3
./configure 
make
make install // installed to /usr/local/lib/python2.4
/usr/local/bin/python2.4
Python 2.4.3 (#1, Mar  5 2007, 15:20:37)
[GCC 3.3.5 (Debian 1:3.3.5-13)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
ln -s /usr/local/bin/python2.4 /usr/bin/python

设置环境, 共存多个python版本, Default python version in Debian

[编辑] Python 2.5 on Debian

Python 2.5新特性

wget http://www.python.org/ftp/python/2.5/Python-2.5.tgz
tar zxvf Python-2.5.tgz
cd Python-2.5
./configure 
make
make install 

设置环境

export PYTHONPATH =  

[编辑] Solaris

[编辑] FreeBSD

FreeBSD 6.1 安装有 Python 2.4.2

[编辑] Windows

http://download.huihoo.com/python/2.5/python-2.5.msi
set path=%path%;C:\Python25
set lib=%lib%;C:\Python25\lib

运行命令行或集成开发环境 IDLE

>>> help()
help>modules 
help>sys
help>modules search 
help>SearchEngine
help>modules hash
help>hashlib
help>quit
>>>

获得 mod_python , http://www.apache.org/dist/httpd/modpython/win/

http://www.apache.org/dist/httpd/modpython/win/3.3.0b/mod_python-3.3.0b.win32-py2.5-Apache2.2.exe
会被安装到 C:\Python25\Lib\site-packages\ 
并在安装过程中提示输入 Apache 的位置， C:\apache-2.2.3
mod_python.so 被添加到 C:\apache-2.2.3\modules

修改 httpd.conf

LoadModule python_module modules/mod_python.so
<Directory "C:/myweb">
  SetHandler mod_python
  PythonHandler mod_python.publisher
</Directory>

创建index.py文件

def index(name):
  return "Welcome %s" % name   
http://localhost/python/?name=huihoo (OK :)

下载 mod_python example

http://www.modpython.org/examples/psp_site.tgz 
http://localhost/psp_site/

[编辑] Database

DB-API 标准

• Python Database API Specification v2.0
• Python Database API Specification v1.0

[编辑] MySQL

http://sourceforge.net/projects/mysql-python/

获得 MySQL-python.exe-1.2.1_p2.win32-py2.4.exe 
包安装到 C:\Python24\Lib\site-packages\MySQLdb 

or Debian

#apt-get install python2.3-mysqldb
>>> import MySQLdb
>>> db = MySQLdb.connect("localhost","root","password","mysql")
>>> cursor = db.cursor()
>>> sql = "select * from db"
>>> cursor.execute(sql)
>>> data = cursor.fetchone()
>>> print data
>>> db.close()

[编辑] PostgreSQL

• psycopg: http://initd.org/projects/psycopg1
• pyPgSQL: http://pypgsql.sourceforge.net/
• PySQLite
• PyGreSQL

[编辑] Berkeley DB

• anydbm: Generic interface to DBM-style database modules.
• whichdb: Guess which DBM-style module created a given database.
• dbm: The standard ``database interface, based on ndbm.
• gdbm: GNU's reinterpretation of dbm.
• dbhash: DBM-style interface to the BSD database library.
• bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library
• dumbdbm: Portable implementation of the simple DBM interface.

http://pybsddb.sourceforge.net/

>>> import anydbm
>>> db = anydbm.open('cache', 'c')
>>> db['www.python.org'] = 'Python Website'
>>> db['www.huihoo.com'] = 'Open Source Community'
>>> for k, v in db.iteritems():

print k, '\t', v

www.huihoo.com 	Open Source Community
www.python.org 	Python Website

[编辑] SQLite

Python 2.5 内置了对 sqlite3 的支持- http://docs.huihoo.com/python/2.5/lib/module-sqlite3.html

pysqlite

[编辑] ORM/Persistence

• SQLObject
• SQLAlchemy
• Modeling
• Durus
• Python Database Objects

[编辑] LDAP

• python-ldap

[编辑] Modules

Python Modules

[编辑] C/C++

>>> import dl, time
>>> a = dl.open('/lib/libc.so.6')
>>> a.call('time')
1207223740

[编辑] 技巧

看一个module包含的函数

import sys
content = dir(sys)
print content

[编辑] 问题

'import site' failed; use -v for traceback

unable to open /usr/lib/python2.3/config/Makefile (No such file or directory)

#apt-get install python2.3-dev

[编辑] 应用

• http://groups.google.com
• http://reddit.com
• http://www.douban.com
• Python 在 Dropbox 的运用

[编辑] 文档

• Python文档包含3.1.2, 3.1, 2.6.5, 2.5, 2.4.4, 2.4.3, 2.4.2, 2.4.1, 2.3.5, 2.3.4, 2.3.3, 2.3等版本文档。
• Python 研究(Dive Into Python)
• The Standard Python Library - http://www.effbot.org/librarybook/
• 用Python做科学计算
• The Hitchhiker's Guide to Python!

[编辑] 图书

• Dive Into Python
• How to Think Like a Computer Scientist Python Version

[编辑] 图集

• 

  interpreter

• 

  MindsDB

[编辑] 链接

• http://www.python.org/
• http://cheeseshop.python.org
• http://docs.huihoo.com/python/
• http://download.huihoo.com/python/
• http://www.pygame.org/
• 啄木鸟 Pythonic 开源社区
• Python中文社区
• Python资源
• Open Source Software in Python
• http://www.pocoo.org/
• SciPy
• PyCon 2014：机器学习应用占据Python的半壁江山
• Google's Python Class