欢迎大家赞助一杯啤酒🍺 我们准备了下酒菜:Formal mathematics/Isabelle/ML, Formal verification/Coq/ACL2, C++/F#/Lisp
Debian
小 (→Debian发行版) |
|||
(未显示5个用户的168个中间版本) | |||
第1行: | 第1行: | ||
+ | Debian GNU/Linux | ||
+ | |||
[[Image:Debian-100.gif|right]] | [[Image:Debian-100.gif|right]] | ||
+ | [[文件:LAMP-stack.png|right|LAMP]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==简介== | ||
+ | Debian是最重要Linux发行版,根据Distrowatch统计,在323款目前仍然活跃的发行版中,128款是基于Debian,74款是基于[[Ubuntu]],换句话说,所有发行版中有63%是源于Debian。相比之下,50款(15%)是基于[[Fedora]]或[[Red Hat]],28款(9%)是基于[[Slackware]],还有12款(4%)是基于[[Gentoo]]。([http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/osrc/article.php/3926941/Linux-Leaders-Debian-and-Ubuntu-Derivative-Distros.htm March 3, 2011]) | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==新闻== | ||
+ | [[文件:Debian-Women-Project.png|right|[https://www.debian.org/women/ Debian Women Project]]] | ||
+ | *[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/03/09/microsoft_sonic_debian/ Microsoft has released a Debian Linux switch OS. Repeat, a Debian Linux switch operating system] | ||
+ | <rss>https://planet.debian.org/atom.xml|short|date|max=10</rss> | ||
+ | |||
==Debian 是什么== | ==Debian 是什么== | ||
[[Image:Debian-50.png]] 是Linux发行版当中最自由的一种。由位于世界各地上千名的自愿者不断开发和维护。它不属于任何的商业公司,完全由开源社区所有。是一套为了您的计算机所设计的自由操作系统 (OS)。操作系统是使计算机运行的基本程序和工具的集合。Debian 使用 Linux 核心(操作系统的最重要部份),但大部份的基本工具则来自 GNU 计划,因此我们称为 GNU/Linux | [[Image:Debian-50.png]] 是Linux发行版当中最自由的一种。由位于世界各地上千名的自愿者不断开发和维护。它不属于任何的商业公司,完全由开源社区所有。是一套为了您的计算机所设计的自由操作系统 (OS)。操作系统是使计算机运行的基本程序和工具的集合。Debian 使用 Linux 核心(操作系统的最重要部份),但大部份的基本工具则来自 GNU 计划,因此我们称为 GNU/Linux | ||
第11行: | 第23行: | ||
Debian GNU/Linux 不单是个操作系统,它也包含多过 15490 个软件包,它们是一些经已编译的软件,并包装成一个容易安装的格式。 | Debian GNU/Linux 不单是个操作系统,它也包含多过 15490 个软件包,它们是一些经已编译的软件,并包装成一个容易安装的格式。 | ||
− | + | 现在就和微软说再见!http://goodbye-microsoft.com/ 在Windows XP下安装Debian | |
− | + | [[Image:Huihoo-debian.gif|right]] | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | ==Debian 常用包命令== | + | [[Huihoo Debian Enterprise Guide]] - 灰狐Debian企业指南, 并逐步发展成 HDEL :) |
+ | |||
+ | ==DEX== | ||
+ | [https://wiki.debian.org/DEX DEX]致力于让 Debian 及其派生发行版能更加紧密的进行协作。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==版本== | ||
+ | [[文件:debian-lts.jpeg|right]] | ||
+ | [https://wiki.debian.org/LTS Debian Long Term Support] | ||
+ | * Debian Bookworm (Debian 12) | ||
+ | * Debian Bullseye (Debian 11) | ||
+ | * Debian Buster (Debian 10) | ||
+ | * Debian Stretch (Debian 9) | ||
+ | * Debian Jessie (Debian 8) | ||
+ | * [[Debian Wheezy]] (Debian 7) | ||
+ | * Debian Squeeze (Debian 6.0) | ||
+ | * [[Debian Lenny]] (Debian 5.0) | ||
+ | * [[Debian Etch]] (Debian 4.0) | ||
+ | * [[Debian Sarge]] (Debian 3.1) | ||
+ | * [[Debian Woody]] (Debian 3.0) | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Cloud== | ||
+ | *[http://cdimage.debian.org/cdimage/openstack/current/ Debian pre-built OpenStack images] | ||
+ | *[[KVM on Debian]] | ||
+ | *[[Xen on Debian]] | ||
+ | *[http://www.debian.org/News/2012/20120425 Deploy your own cloud with Debian Wheezy] [[OpenStack]] + XCP on Debian | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Debian 11== | ||
+ | [https://ostechnix.com/upgrade-to-debian-11-bullseye-from-debian-10-buster/ How To Upgrade To Debian 11 Bullseye From Debian 10 Buster] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Debian 10== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Debian 9== | ||
+ | [http://mirrors.163.com/.help/debian.html Debian镜像使用帮助] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [https://computingforgeeks.com/how-to-install-php-7-3-on-debian-9-debian-8/ How To Install PHP 7.3 on Debian 9 / Debian 8] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Debian 8== | ||
+ | [[文件:debian8-jessie.png|right]] | ||
+ | [https://bits.debian.org/2015/04/jessie-released.html Debian 8.0 Jessie 已经发布],并提供预构建的 [[OpenStack]] 镜像。(2015.04.25) | ||
+ | |||
+ | deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie main non-free contrib | ||
+ | deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-updates main non-free contrib | ||
+ | deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-backports main non-free contrib | ||
+ | deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie main non-free contrib | ||
+ | deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-updates main non-free contrib | ||
+ | deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-backports main non-free contrib | ||
+ | deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ jessie/updates main non-free contrib | ||
+ | deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ jessie/updates main non-free contrib | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Debian 7== | ||
+ | [http://lists.debian.org/debian-news/2011/msg00038.html Debian 7“Wheezy”将支持Multiarch]。Multiarch(多架构)允许一个系统能安装和运行有多个不同二进制文件的应用程序,例如i386-linux-gnu程序能运行在amd64-linux-gnu系统上。多架构简化了跨架构编译,这将大大增强了Debian实现通用操作系统承诺的能力,加强了新的64位系统对32位应用程序的支持。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ wheezy main | ||
+ | deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ wheezy main | ||
+ | |||
+ | deb http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main | ||
+ | deb-src http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Debian 6== | ||
+ | Debian 6.0 "Squeeze" 已[http://www.debian.org/News/2011/20110205a 正式发行],除了常见的 Debian GNU/Linux,这次还引入了 Debian GNU/kFreeBSD 作"技术预览"。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | # main repo | ||
+ | deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ squeeze main | ||
+ | deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ squeeze main | ||
+ | deb http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main | ||
+ | deb-src http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main | ||
+ | |||
+ | Debian将AMD64和Intel64都称作“amd64” | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Debian 5== | ||
+ | Debian GNU/Linux 5.0.0 was released February 14th, 2009. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Debian GNU/Linux 5.0 updated [email protected] | ||
+ | April 11th, 2009 http://www.debian.org/News/2009/20090411 | ||
+ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ||
+ | deb http://volatile.debian.org/debian-volatile lenny/volatile main | ||
+ | deb-src http://volatile.debian.org/debian-volatile lenny/volatile main | ||
+ | |||
+ | #在后来添加 | ||
+ | deb http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ lenny main | ||
+ | deb-src http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ lenny main | ||
+ | deb http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ lenny contrib | ||
+ | deb-src http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ lenny contrib | ||
+ | deb http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ lenny non-free | ||
+ | deb-src http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ lenny non-free | ||
+ | or | ||
+ | deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ lenny main non-free contrib | ||
+ | deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ lenny main non-free contrib | ||
+ | 若出现 W: Failed to fetch http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian/dists/lenny/main/source/Sources.gz Sub-process gzip returned an error code 类似错误 | ||
+ | 可能这个源没你需要的软件包, 如AMD-64 处理方法: 换一个源并且 clean /var/lib/apt/lists and trying again | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Debian 4== | ||
+ | 大家可试着刻录并安装 [http://ftp.wa.au.debian.org/debian-cd/4.0_r0/i386/iso-cd/debian-40r0-i386-xfce-CD-1.iso debian-40r0-i386-xfce-CD-1.iso] , 安装时可以选择非网络安装,这样就可以把光盘上带的 400 多个软件包装上,包括 xfce 4 桌面系统,安装的整个过程还是字符方式,但安装完重新启动 Debian 后就能顺利的进入 xfce 桌面 | ||
+ | 接着 修改 /etc/apt/sources.list | ||
+ | |||
+ | Etch 国内源 | ||
+ | deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ etch main | ||
+ | deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ etch main | ||
+ | |||
+ | Sarge国内源 | ||
+ | deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ sarge main non-free contrib | ||
+ | deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ sarge main non-free contrib | ||
+ | |||
+ | aptitude update | ||
+ | aptitude upgrade | ||
+ | |||
+ | 安装字体 | ||
+ | aptitude install ttf-bitstream-vera ttf-arphic-uming xfonts-wqy | ||
+ | dpkg-reconfigure locales 选择默认locale为中文的,如zh_CN.UTF-8 | ||
+ | 安装 [https://fcitx-im.org/ fcitx] 小企鹅输入法 | ||
+ | apt-get install fcitx-pinyin im-switch | ||
+ | im-switch -s fcitx -z all_ALL | ||
+ | 修改/etc/X11/xinit/xinput.d/fcitx,为: | ||
+ | XIM=fcitx | ||
+ | XIM_PROGRAM=/usr/bin/fcitx | ||
+ | XIM_ARGS="" | ||
+ | GTK_IM_MODULE=fcitx | ||
+ | QT4_IM_MODULE=fcitx | ||
+ | DEPENDS="fcitx" | ||
+ | [http://wiki.ubuntu.com.cn/Fcitx 英文环境下 Fcitx配置] | ||
+ | Xfce: | ||
+ | # touch /etc/X11/Xsession.d/95input | ||
+ | 在这个文件中写入如下内容: <bash> | ||
+ | export LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 | ||
+ | export LC_CTYPE=zh_CN.UTF-8 | ||
+ | export LC_ALL= | ||
+ | export XMODIFIERS=@im=fcitx | ||
+ | fcitx & | ||
+ | 或者 | ||
+ | vi ~/.xinitrc,输入: | ||
+ | export LC_ALL=zh_CN.UTF-8 | ||
+ | export LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 | ||
+ | export XMODIFIERS=@im=fcitx | ||
+ | fcitx & | ||
+ | |||
+ | 包管理 | ||
+ | apt-get install synaptic // 通过 Synaptic 进行包管理 | ||
+ | 参考: [http://www.debsir.org/main/?q=node/141 Debian etch 简要安装指南] | ||
+ | |||
+ | debian的中文美化 - http://colding.bokee.com/4293814.html | ||
+ | |||
+ | using gnome-screensaver in XFCE and NOT xscreensaver | ||
+ | #apt-get remove xscreensaver | ||
+ | #apt-get install gnome-screensaver | ||
+ | To auto-start gnome-screensaver, add it as an Autostarted Application: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Xfce menu > Settings > Autostarted Applications | ||
+ | |||
+ | The command for starting the gnome-screensaver daemon is: | ||
+ | gnome-screensaver | ||
+ | |||
+ | modify the file /usr/bin/xflock4: | ||
+ | cp /usr/bin/xflock4 /usr/bin/xflock4.orig | ||
+ | #xscreensaver-command -lock || xlock $* | ||
+ | gnome-screensaver-command --lock | ||
+ | exit 0 | ||
+ | 调整显示器亮度 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 安装 GNOME | ||
+ | #apt-get install x-window-system-core | ||
+ | #apt-get install gnome | ||
+ | 安装 KDE | ||
+ | #apt-get install kde | ||
+ | 安装声卡 | ||
+ | #apt-get install alsa-base alsa-utils | ||
+ | # alsaconf | ||
+ | http://www.debian.ha.cn/htmldata/8/2006_03/article_896_1.html | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[Image:looking-glass.jpg|thumb|right|Sun Looking glass Desktop]] | ||
+ | Java 3D Desktop: Sun Looking glass Desktop | ||
+ | vi /etc/apt/sources.list | ||
+ | deb http://javadesktop.org/lg3d/debian stable contrib | ||
+ | apt-get update | ||
+ | sudo apt-get install lg3d-core | ||
+ | Success. LG has been added as a gdm session. | ||
+ | 重启并选择 Looking Glass session, 成功进入 3D 桌面 :) | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==常用包命令== | ||
+ | #useradd -s /bin/bash -m allen | ||
+ | finger allen | ||
+ | #useradd allen | ||
+ | #passwd allen | ||
+ | # userdel -r allen | ||
http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/reference/ch-package.zh-cn.html | http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/reference/ch-package.zh-cn.html | ||
*dpkg – Debian 包安装工具 | *dpkg – Debian 包安装工具 | ||
第44行: | 第233行: | ||
*dpkg -L package ... # 列出软件包安装的文件的名称 | *dpkg -L package ... # 列出软件包安装的文件的名称 | ||
− | == | + | ==Debian Live== |
+ | The Debian Live project aims to create Debian Live images for CDs, DVDs, USB sticks and tarballs for netboot for the Etch release (and newer). | ||
+ | *http://debian-live.alioth.debian.org/ | ||
+ | *http://live.debian.net/ | ||
+ | *http://wiki.debian.org/DebianLive/ | ||
+ | ==常用命令== | ||
+ | netstat -ntulp | ||
+ | |||
+ | 查看当前目录下文件的个数 ls -l | grep "^-" | wc -l | ||
+ | |||
+ | 查看当前目录下文件的个数,包括子目录里的 ls -lR| grep "^-" | wc -l | ||
+ | |||
+ | 查看某目录下文件夹(目录)的个数,包括子目录里的 ls -lR| grep "^d" | wc -l | ||
+ | |||
+ | sudo find / -name "scala" -print | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==GCC== | ||
http://lists.debian.org/debian-gcc/ | http://lists.debian.org/debian-gcc/ | ||
第63行: | 第268行: | ||
$ gcc -Wall -g -o run_example example.c -lm | $ gcc -Wall -g -o run_example example.c -lm | ||
− | == | + | ==安装指南== |
+ | * [[winxp,solaris10,linux,freebsd install in a system]] | ||
+ | * [[打造自己的Debian]] | ||
+ | |||
Debian的安装 大体要 经过三个步骤 | Debian的安装 大体要 经过三个步骤 | ||
第86行: | 第294行: | ||
如;nameserver 202.96.134.133 | 如;nameserver 202.96.134.133 | ||
− | ifconfig -a | + | $ sudo apt-get install net-tools |
+ | $ ifconfig -a | ||
+ | |||
+ | bash: ping: command not found | ||
+ | |||
+ | apt-get install iputils-ping | ||
netstat -nr | netstat -nr | ||
第98行: | 第311行: | ||
nslookup www.huihoo.com (OK) | nslookup www.huihoo.com (OK) | ||
− | ===三. apt-get 安装方式== | + | 假如某台机器的eth0使用DHCP动态IP地址连接Internet,eth1连接LAN,则其/etc/network/interfaces的设置如下(适用于Woody及后继版本) |
+ | |||
+ | auto lo | ||
+ | iface lo inet loopback | ||
+ | |||
+ | auto eth0 | ||
+ | iface eth0 inet dhcp | ||
+ | |||
+ | auto eth1 | ||
+ | iface eth1 inet static | ||
+ | address 192.168.18.100 | ||
+ | gateway 192.168.18.1 | ||
+ | netmask 255.255.255.0 | ||
+ | |||
+ | /etc/resolv.conf | ||
+ | nameserver 202.96.128.86 | ||
+ | nameserver 202.96.128.68 | ||
+ | nameserver 202.96.199.133 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 设置服务启动项,enable & disable daemon | ||
+ | apt-get install rcconf | ||
+ | rcconf | ||
+ | |||
+ | 更多细节:https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkConfiguration | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===三. apt-get 安装方式=== | ||
通过HTTP,FTP等方式 用APT方式进行其余部件的 安装。这点很吸引人 | 通过HTTP,FTP等方式 用APT方式进行其余部件的 安装。这点很吸引人 | ||
apt-get install xxx.deb | apt-get install xxx.deb | ||
第127行: | 第365行: | ||
apt-get install ssh | apt-get install ssh | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===输入法=== | ||
+ | *[https://pinyin.sogou.com/linux/ 搜狗输入法 for linux] | ||
+ | *[https://fcitx-im.org Fcitx] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===终端=== | ||
+ | sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome-terminator | ||
+ | sudo apt-get update | ||
+ | sudo apt-get install terminator | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Firefox== | ||
+ | [http://www.captain.at/howto-run-firefox-3-debian-etch.php Running Firefox 3 on Debian Etch with GTK 2.10] | ||
+ | |||
+ | Download [http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/sources/gtk+/2.10/gtk+-2.10.14.tar.bz2 GTK+ 2.10] from gtk.org and do this: | ||
+ | # cd /opt | ||
+ | # tar xjf gtk+-2.10.14.tar.bz2 | ||
+ | # mkdir gtk210 | ||
+ | # cd gtk+-2.10.14 | ||
+ | # ./configure --prefix=/opt/gtk210 | ||
+ | # make | ||
+ | # make install | ||
+ | Now create the start script "firefox.sh": | ||
+ | #!/bin/sh | ||
+ | export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/opt/gtk210/lib" | ||
+ | /path-to-firefox-3/firefox $* | ||
+ | ==问题集== | ||
+ | *ldconfig: Writing of cache data failed: No space left on device | ||
+ | rm -f /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb | ||
+ | apt-get clean | ||
+ | du -h / --max-depth=1 | ||
+ | du -s /var/cache/* | ||
+ | *locate: can not stat () `/var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db': No such file or directory | ||
+ | 如果出现此错误,请执行updatedb | ||
+ | |||
+ | 磁盘出问题,无法启动。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 进入 [[BusyBox]] 模式,运行 fsck /dev/sda1 进行磁盘修复,然后重启成功。 | ||
==官方链接== | ==官方链接== | ||
− | * | + | *[http://www.debian.org/ 官方网站] ''了解debian,从这里开始'' |
− | * | + | *[http://www.us.debian.org/News/ 新闻中心] ''包括升级通告,安装更新等重要新闻'' |
− | * | + | *[http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages 软件包搜索站] ''提供各个版本的软件包搜索,下载,并提供详细的软件包信息'' |
− | * | + | *[http://www.debian.org/devel/ 开发者中心] ''想成为debian开发者中正式一员?来这里'' |
− | * | + | *[http://www.debian.org/distrib/ 获得debian] ''提供网络下载、CD购买,以及正式的安装文档'' |
− | * | + | *[http://www.us.debian.org/doc/ 文档中心] ''包括 用户手册、开发人员手册、HOWTO以及通用FAQ文档等,你不能错过'' |
==民间组织、社区、个人站点== | ==民间组织、社区、个人站点== | ||
第145行: | 第420行: | ||
==Debian发行版== | ==Debian发行版== | ||
− | + | [[文件:aims-desktop-logo.png|right|AIMS Desktop]] | |
+ | [[文件:mobian-logo.jpg|right|Mobian]] | ||
+ | [[文件:VyOS-logo.png|right|VyOS]] | ||
+ | [[文件:apertis-logo.png|right|Apertis]] | ||
+ | [https://www.debian.org/derivatives/ Debian 衍生发行版] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [https://wiki.debian.org/DebianPureBlends Debian Pure Blends] 是为有特定需要的人群提供的一套[https://www.debian.org/blends/ 解决方案] | ||
+ | |||
+ | 基于 Debian 已经衍生了 [https://distrowatch.com/search.php?basedon=Debian&status=All 400] 多个操作系统分发版,其中仍有 [https://distrowatch.com/search.php?basedon=Debian 120] 个还在活跃中,一个真正强大的 OS 生态系统。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 主要的 Debian 分发版: | ||
+ | *[[Ubuntu]]: 大家最熟悉 | ||
+ | *[https://desktop.aims.ac.za/ AIMS Desktop] African Institute for Mathematical Sciences | ||
+ | *[https://grml.org/ Grml] 面向系统管理员的 live 系统 | ||
+ | *[[Kali Linux]]: 安全审计和渗透测试 | ||
+ | *[https://pureos.net/ PureOS] 获得 FSF 认可,专注于隐私、安全和便捷 | ||
+ | *[https://tails.boum.org/ Tails] 保护隐私和保持匿名 | ||
+ | *[https://wiki.deepin.org/zh/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8EDeepin/Deepin%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D 深度操作系统] 基于 [[Qt]] 开发了深度桌面环境、深度控制中心和一系列应用。 | ||
+ | *[https://github.com/vyos/ VyOS] Open-source router and firewall platform | ||
+ | *[https://www.apertis.org/ Apertis] Collaborative OS platform for products, Production Friendly + Frequent Releases + Developer Ready | ||
+ | |||
+ | *[https://github.com/armbian Armbian] Minimal Debian based Linux for single board computers | ||
+ | *[https://mobian.org/ Mobian] Bringing Debian to mobile devices | ||
*[[Adamantix]] - A distribution focusing on security. | *[[Adamantix]] - A distribution focusing on security. | ||
− | |||
*[[Ubuntu]] - Linux for Human Beings - http://www.ubuntulinux.org/ | *[[Ubuntu]] - Linux for Human Beings - http://www.ubuntulinux.org/ | ||
− | *Debian GNU/Hurd - http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/ | + | *[[Debian GNU/Hurd]] - http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/ |
− | *Debian GNU/NetBSD - http://www.debian.org/ports/netbsd/ | + | *[[Debian GNU/NetBSD]] - http://www.debian.org/ports/netbsd/ |
− | *Debian GNU/kFreeBSD - http://www.debian.org/ports/kfreebsd-gnu/ | + | *[[Debian GNU/kFreeBSD]] - http://www.debian.org/ports/kfreebsd-gnu/ |
− | *Skolelinux – a Custom Debian Distribution - http://www.skolelinux.org | + | *[[Skolelinux]] – a Custom Debian Distribution - http://www.skolelinux.org |
+ | *[[Custom Debian]] - http://wiki.debian.org/CustomDebian | ||
− | == | + | ==项目== |
− | * | + | *[https://github.com/go-debos/debos debos] - Debian OS images builder |
+ | ==链接== | ||
+ | *http://download.huihoo.com/debian/ | ||
+ | *http://docs.huihoo.com/debian/ | ||
+ | *[http://docs.huihoo.com/ubuntu/13.04/serverguide/index.html Ubuntu Server Guide] | ||
+ | *[http://www.unixmen.com/setting-forwarding-dns-server-debian/ Setting Up a Forwarding DNS Server On Debian] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Debian Mirrors== | ||
+ | 建立 Debian mirror 的脚本, 如:debian-mirror.sh | ||
+ | #!/bin/bash | ||
+ | SRC=rsync://debian.ethz.ch/debian | ||
+ | DST=/var/mirrors/debian/ | ||
+ | rsync -vzrltopg --progress --delete $SRC $DST | ||
+ | 建立 Debian ISO mirror 脚本,如: debian-iso.sh | ||
+ | #!/bin/bash | ||
+ | SRC=rsync://debian.ethz.ch/debian-cd | ||
+ | DST=/var/mirrors/debian-cd/ | ||
+ | rsync -vzrltopg --progress --delete $SRC $DST | ||
+ | 更多 Debian Mirrors: http://www.debian.org/mirror/list | ||
==开发相关== | ==开发相关== | ||
− | * | + | *[https://salsa.debian.org/ Debian GitLab] |
+ | *Debian Forge: http://alioth.debian.org/ | ||
+ | *http://www.debian.org/devel/ | ||
+ | *http://wiki.debian.org/DebianDevelopment | ||
+ | *http://lintian.debian.org | ||
+ | *http://git.debian.org/ | ||
+ | *[http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages Debian Packages] | ||
+ | *[https://dep-team.pages.debian.net/ DEP - Debian Enhancement Proposals] | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==相关计划== | ||
+ | *[[Huihoo Debian Enterprise Guide]] | ||
+ | *[[Huihoo Debian Media Server]] | ||
+ | *[[DebianGis]] | ||
+ | *[[Huihoo PHP Applications]] | ||
+ | *[[Huihoo Python Applications]] | ||
+ | *[[Huihoo Ruby Applications]] | ||
+ | *[[Huihoo Geronimo Applications]] | ||
+ | *[[Huihoo JOnAS Applications]] | ||
+ | ==图集== | ||
+ | [https://screenshots.debian.net/ screenshots.debian.net] | ||
+ | |||
+ | <gallery> | ||
+ | image:debian-9-and-8.png|Debian 9 | ||
+ | image:apertis-functional-view.png|Apertis平台 | ||
+ | image:apertis-infrastructure.png|Apertis基础设施 | ||
+ | image:apertis-search-flow.png|Apertis搜索 | ||
+ | </gallery> | ||
− | == | + | ==链接== |
+ | *[https://meetings-archive.debian.net/pub/debian-meetings/ Debian Meetings] | ||
− | [[ | + | [[category:operating system]] |
− | [[ | + | [[category:GNU]] |
− | [[ | + | [[category:linux]] |
− | [[ | + | [[category:debian]] |
+ | [[category:Huihoo Foundation]] |
2022年12月12日 (一) 08:42的最后版本
Debian GNU/Linux
目录 |
[编辑] 简介
Debian是最重要Linux发行版,根据Distrowatch统计,在323款目前仍然活跃的发行版中,128款是基于Debian,74款是基于Ubuntu,换句话说,所有发行版中有63%是源于Debian。相比之下,50款(15%)是基于Fedora或Red Hat,28款(9%)是基于Slackware,还有12款(4%)是基于Gentoo。(March 3, 2011)
[编辑] 新闻
自https://planet.debian.org/atom.xml加载RSS失败或RSS源被墙
[编辑] Debian 是什么
是Linux发行版当中最自由的一种。由位于世界各地上千名的自愿者不断开发和维护。它不属于任何的商业公司,完全由开源社区所有。是一套为了您的计算机所设计的自由操作系统 (OS)。操作系统是使计算机运行的基本程序和工具的集合。Debian 使用 Linux 核心(操作系统的最重要部份),但大部份的基本工具则来自 GNU 计划,因此我们称为 GNU/Linux
Sarge经过三年多的开发于2005年6月6日正式发布,替代Woody成为最新的Stable。testing的代号改为etch,unstable的代号还是sid。
Debian于2006年6月底停止对旧Stable版本Woody的支持。
Debian中代号为Sarge的发行版已获得开放源码发展实验室(OSDL)的电信运营商等级Linux(CGL)规格认证。
Debian GNU/Linux 不单是个操作系统,它也包含多过 15490 个软件包,它们是一些经已编译的软件,并包装成一个容易安装的格式。
现在就和微软说再见!http://goodbye-microsoft.com/ 在Windows XP下安装Debian
Huihoo Debian Enterprise Guide - 灰狐Debian企业指南, 并逐步发展成 HDEL :)
[编辑] DEX
DEX致力于让 Debian 及其派生发行版能更加紧密的进行协作。
[编辑] 版本
- Debian Bookworm (Debian 12)
- Debian Bullseye (Debian 11)
- Debian Buster (Debian 10)
- Debian Stretch (Debian 9)
- Debian Jessie (Debian 8)
- Debian Wheezy (Debian 7)
- Debian Squeeze (Debian 6.0)
- Debian Lenny (Debian 5.0)
- Debian Etch (Debian 4.0)
- Debian Sarge (Debian 3.1)
- Debian Woody (Debian 3.0)
[编辑] Cloud
- Debian pre-built OpenStack images
- KVM on Debian
- Xen on Debian
- Deploy your own cloud with Debian Wheezy OpenStack + XCP on Debian
[编辑] Debian 11
How To Upgrade To Debian 11 Bullseye From Debian 10 Buster
[编辑] Debian 10
[编辑] Debian 9
How To Install PHP 7.3 on Debian 9 / Debian 8
[编辑] Debian 8
Debian 8.0 Jessie 已经发布,并提供预构建的 OpenStack 镜像。(2015.04.25)
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie main non-free contrib deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-updates main non-free contrib deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-backports main non-free contrib deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie main non-free contrib deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-updates main non-free contrib deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-backports main non-free contrib deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ jessie/updates main non-free contrib deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ jessie/updates main non-free contrib
[编辑] Debian 7
Debian 7“Wheezy”将支持Multiarch。Multiarch(多架构)允许一个系统能安装和运行有多个不同二进制文件的应用程序,例如i386-linux-gnu程序能运行在amd64-linux-gnu系统上。多架构简化了跨架构编译,这将大大增强了Debian实现通用操作系统承诺的能力,加强了新的64位系统对32位应用程序的支持。
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ wheezy main deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ wheezy main
deb http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main deb-src http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main
[编辑] Debian 6
Debian 6.0 "Squeeze" 已正式发行,除了常见的 Debian GNU/Linux,这次还引入了 Debian GNU/kFreeBSD 作"技术预览"。
# main repo deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ squeeze main deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian/ squeeze main deb http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main deb-src http://security.debian.org/ squeeze/updates main
Debian将AMD64和Intel64都称作“amd64”
[编辑] Debian 5
Debian GNU/Linux 5.0.0 was released February 14th, 2009.
Debian GNU/Linux 5.0 updated [email protected] April 11th, 2009 http://www.debian.org/News/2009/20090411
deb http://volatile.debian.org/debian-volatile lenny/volatile main deb-src http://volatile.debian.org/debian-volatile lenny/volatile main
#在后来添加 deb http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ lenny main deb-src http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ lenny main deb http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ lenny contrib deb-src http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ lenny contrib deb http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ lenny non-free deb-src http://ftp.tw.debian.org/debian/ lenny non-free
or
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ lenny main non-free contrib deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ lenny main non-free contrib
若出现 W: Failed to fetch http://ftp.at.debian.org/debian/dists/lenny/main/source/Sources.gz Sub-process gzip returned an error code 类似错误
可能这个源没你需要的软件包, 如AMD-64 处理方法: 换一个源并且 clean /var/lib/apt/lists and trying again
[编辑] Debian 4
大家可试着刻录并安装 debian-40r0-i386-xfce-CD-1.iso , 安装时可以选择非网络安装,这样就可以把光盘上带的 400 多个软件包装上,包括 xfce 4 桌面系统,安装的整个过程还是字符方式,但安装完重新启动 Debian 后就能顺利的进入 xfce 桌面 接着 修改 /etc/apt/sources.list
Etch 国内源
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ etch main deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ etch main
Sarge国内源
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ sarge main non-free contrib deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ sarge main non-free contrib
aptitude update aptitude upgrade
安装字体
aptitude install ttf-bitstream-vera ttf-arphic-uming xfonts-wqy dpkg-reconfigure locales 选择默认locale为中文的,如zh_CN.UTF-8
安装 fcitx 小企鹅输入法
apt-get install fcitx-pinyin im-switch im-switch -s fcitx -z all_ALL
修改/etc/X11/xinit/xinput.d/fcitx,为:
XIM=fcitx XIM_PROGRAM=/usr/bin/fcitx XIM_ARGS="" GTK_IM_MODULE=fcitx QT4_IM_MODULE=fcitx DEPENDS="fcitx"
英文环境下 Fcitx配置 Xfce:
# touch /etc/X11/Xsession.d/95input
在这个文件中写入如下内容: <bash>
export LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 export LC_CTYPE=zh_CN.UTF-8 export LC_ALL= export XMODIFIERS=@im=fcitx fcitx &
或者
vi ~/.xinitrc,输入: export LC_ALL=zh_CN.UTF-8 export LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 export XMODIFIERS=@im=fcitx fcitx &
包管理
apt-get install synaptic // 通过 Synaptic 进行包管理
debian的中文美化 - http://colding.bokee.com/4293814.html
using gnome-screensaver in XFCE and NOT xscreensaver
#apt-get remove xscreensaver #apt-get install gnome-screensaver
To auto-start gnome-screensaver, add it as an Autostarted Application:
Xfce menu > Settings > Autostarted Applications
The command for starting the gnome-screensaver daemon is:
gnome-screensaver
modify the file /usr/bin/xflock4:
cp /usr/bin/xflock4 /usr/bin/xflock4.orig #xscreensaver-command -lock || xlock $* gnome-screensaver-command --lock exit 0
调整显示器亮度
安装 GNOME
#apt-get install x-window-system-core #apt-get install gnome
安装 KDE
#apt-get install kde
安装声卡
#apt-get install alsa-base alsa-utils # alsaconf
http://www.debian.ha.cn/htmldata/8/2006_03/article_896_1.html
Java 3D Desktop: Sun Looking glass Desktop
vi /etc/apt/sources.list deb http://javadesktop.org/lg3d/debian stable contrib apt-get update sudo apt-get install lg3d-core Success. LG has been added as a gdm session.
重启并选择 Looking Glass session, 成功进入 3D 桌面 :)
[编辑] 常用包命令
#useradd -s /bin/bash -m allen finger allen #useradd allen #passwd allen # userdel -r allen
http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/reference/ch-package.zh-cn.html
- dpkg – Debian 包安装工具
- apt-get – APT 的命令行前端
- aptitude – APT 的高级的字符和命令行前端
- synaptic – 图形界面的 APT 前端
- dselect – 使用菜单界面的包管理工具
- tasksel – Task 安装工具
- dpkg-reconfigure - 重新配置已安装的软件包(如果它是使用 debconf 进行配置的)
- dpkg-source - 管理源码包
- dpkg-buildpackage - 自动生成包文件
- apt-cache - 在本地缓冲区检查包文件
- apt-get check # 更新缓冲区并检查损坏的软件包
- apt-cache search pattern # 按文本描述搜索软件包,看有哪些包可供选择
- apt-cache policy package # 软件包的 priority/dists 信息
- apt-cache show -a package # 显示所有 dists 中软件包描述信息
- apt-cache showsrc package # 显示相应源码包的信息
- apt-cache showpkg package # 软件包调试信息
- dpkg --audit|-C # 搜索未完成安装的软件包
- dpkg {-s|--status} package ... # 已安装软件包描述
- dpkg -l package ... # 已安装软件包的状态(每个占一行)
- dpkg -L package ... # 列出软件包安装的文件的名称
[编辑] Debian Live
The Debian Live project aims to create Debian Live images for CDs, DVDs, USB sticks and tarballs for netboot for the Etch release (and newer).
[编辑] 常用命令
netstat -ntulp
查看当前目录下文件的个数 ls -l | grep "^-" | wc -l 查看当前目录下文件的个数,包括子目录里的 ls -lR| grep "^-" | wc -l 查看某目录下文件夹(目录)的个数,包括子目录里的 ls -lR| grep "^d" | wc -l
sudo find / -name "scala" -print
[编辑] GCC
http://lists.debian.org/debian-gcc/
- apt-get install build-essential
- cat /proc/version // 确定核心是什么版本gcc编译的
- apt-get -u install gcc-2.95 g++-2.95 make
- export CC=/usr/bin/gcc-2.95
- export CXX=/usr/bin/g++-2.95
http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/reference/ch-program.zh-cn.html // 编程
- apt-get install glibc-doc manpages-dev libc6-dev gcc
$ /usr/bin/gcc-2.95 -Wall -g -o run_example example.c -lm $ ./run_example
关联/usr/bin/gcc-2.95 和 gcc ln -sf /usr/bin/gcc-2.95 /usr/bin/gcc $ gcc -Wall -g -o run_example example.c -lm
[编辑] 安装指南
Debian的安装 大体要 经过三个步骤
[编辑] 一,安装基本部分
通过安装光盘或自己制作引导软盘
基础安装部分可参考 - http://www.huihoo.com/gnu_linux/debian/tutorial/Debian-Install-Guide-4.html
[编辑] 二,安装,配制网络
PPPCONFIG 通过它来配制基本项
NUMBER 86 755 25100572 User ... password Speed 115200 COM /dev/ttyS1 Method PAP
PPPOEConf 测试
在/etc/resolv.conf加入一个nameserver
如;nameserver 202.96.134.133
$ sudo apt-get install net-tools $ ifconfig -a
bash: ping: command not found
apt-get install iputils-ping
netstat -nr
/usr/bin/pon dsl-provider (启动adsl)
/usr/bin/poff dsl-provider (关闭adsl)
route add default gw ip (获得的动态IP)
nslookup www.huihoo.com (OK)
假如某台机器的eth0使用DHCP动态IP地址连接Internet,eth1连接LAN,则其/etc/network/interfaces的设置如下(适用于Woody及后继版本)
auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 iface eth0 inet dhcp auto eth1 iface eth1 inet static address 192.168.18.100 gateway 192.168.18.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
/etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 202.96.128.86 nameserver 202.96.128.68 nameserver 202.96.199.133
设置服务启动项,enable & disable daemon
apt-get install rcconf rcconf
更多细节:https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkConfiguration
[编辑] 三. apt-get 安装方式
通过HTTP,FTP等方式 用APT方式进行其余部件的 安装。这点很吸引人
apt-get install xxx.deb
vi /etc/apt/sources.list
加入 deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian woody main contrib non-free deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US woody/non-US main contrib non-free
sid 换成woody
apt-get update
apt-get dist-upgrade
运行 dselect
光标在 Update上 按 enter
完了再 Select,什么都不用改,直接enter返回到前选项单里,因为它已经预订了基本需要的东西.
Install, 是否安装 enter,等下完后开始配置,会问你问题.
完成后回问是否删除下载的.deb文件,随你便,默认删除.
debian server 192.168.1.6
安装ssh
apt-get install ssh
[编辑] 输入法
[编辑] 终端
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome-terminator sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install terminator
[编辑] Firefox
Running Firefox 3 on Debian Etch with GTK 2.10
Download GTK+ 2.10 from gtk.org and do this:
# cd /opt # tar xjf gtk+-2.10.14.tar.bz2 # mkdir gtk210 # cd gtk+-2.10.14 # ./configure --prefix=/opt/gtk210 # make # make install
Now create the start script "firefox.sh":
#!/bin/sh export LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/opt/gtk210/lib" /path-to-firefox-3/firefox $*
[编辑] 问题集
- ldconfig: Writing of cache data failed: No space left on device
rm -f /var/cache/apt/archives/*.deb apt-get clean du -h / --max-depth=1 du -s /var/cache/*
- locate: can not stat () `/var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db': No such file or directory
如果出现此错误,请执行updatedb
磁盘出问题,无法启动。
进入 BusyBox 模式,运行 fsck /dev/sda1 进行磁盘修复,然后重启成功。
[编辑] 官方链接
- 官方网站 了解debian,从这里开始
- 新闻中心 包括升级通告,安装更新等重要新闻
- 软件包搜索站 提供各个版本的软件包搜索,下载,并提供详细的软件包信息
- 开发者中心 想成为debian开发者中正式一员?来这里
- 获得debian 提供网络下载、CD购买,以及正式的安装文档
- 文档中心 包括 用户手册、开发人员手册、HOWTO以及通用FAQ文档等,你不能错过
[编辑] 民间组织、社区、个人站点
- Debian星球 www.debianplanet.org 历史悠久的国际化Debian社区
- 国内高速debian下载站点,软件仓库 debian.cn99.com,当然你可以在这里下载到最新的ISO镜像
- debian 帮助使用网站 www.debianhelp.co.uk
- Debian-Administration Debian-Administration
- Debian Wiki http://wiki.debian.org
[编辑] Debian发行版
Debian Pure Blends 是为有特定需要的人群提供的一套解决方案
基于 Debian 已经衍生了 400 多个操作系统分发版,其中仍有 120 个还在活跃中,一个真正强大的 OS 生态系统。
主要的 Debian 分发版:
- Ubuntu: 大家最熟悉
- AIMS Desktop African Institute for Mathematical Sciences
- Grml 面向系统管理员的 live 系统
- Kali Linux: 安全审计和渗透测试
- PureOS 获得 FSF 认可,专注于隐私、安全和便捷
- Tails 保护隐私和保持匿名
- 深度操作系统 基于 Qt 开发了深度桌面环境、深度控制中心和一系列应用。
- VyOS Open-source router and firewall platform
- Apertis Collaborative OS platform for products, Production Friendly + Frequent Releases + Developer Ready
- Armbian Minimal Debian based Linux for single board computers
- Mobian Bringing Debian to mobile devices
- Adamantix - A distribution focusing on security.
- Ubuntu - Linux for Human Beings - http://www.ubuntulinux.org/
- Debian GNU/Hurd - http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/
- Debian GNU/NetBSD - http://www.debian.org/ports/netbsd/
- Debian GNU/kFreeBSD - http://www.debian.org/ports/kfreebsd-gnu/
- Skolelinux – a Custom Debian Distribution - http://www.skolelinux.org
- Custom Debian - http://wiki.debian.org/CustomDebian
[编辑] 项目
- debos - Debian OS images builder
[编辑] 链接
- http://download.huihoo.com/debian/
- http://docs.huihoo.com/debian/
- Ubuntu Server Guide
- Setting Up a Forwarding DNS Server On Debian
[编辑] Debian Mirrors
建立 Debian mirror 的脚本, 如:debian-mirror.sh
#!/bin/bash SRC=rsync://debian.ethz.ch/debian DST=/var/mirrors/debian/ rsync -vzrltopg --progress --delete $SRC $DST
建立 Debian ISO mirror 脚本,如: debian-iso.sh
#!/bin/bash SRC=rsync://debian.ethz.ch/debian-cd DST=/var/mirrors/debian-cd/ rsync -vzrltopg --progress --delete $SRC $DST
更多 Debian Mirrors: http://www.debian.org/mirror/list
[编辑] 开发相关
- Debian GitLab
- Debian Forge: http://alioth.debian.org/
- http://www.debian.org/devel/
- http://wiki.debian.org/DebianDevelopment
- http://lintian.debian.org
- http://git.debian.org/
- Debian Packages
- DEP - Debian Enhancement Proposals
[编辑] 相关计划
- Huihoo Debian Enterprise Guide
- Huihoo Debian Media Server
- DebianGis
- Huihoo PHP Applications
- Huihoo Python Applications
- Huihoo Ruby Applications
- Huihoo Geronimo Applications
- Huihoo JOnAS Applications